1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  
 
(  )
 :    : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.            
 
2.  
             ?  
 ?
-
3.        ?   ' 

4.   -          ?
-
5.                
    
2
Easy2Siksha
6.            
-
7.               
8.   -          '  
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2022
  
 
(  )
 :    : 100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.            
 
:             
 
"  "              - ,
,     ,         
      -        
     
 
1.     ?
            -     , ,
, ,          , , ,  ,  
       -   - -,   
       ,         
              
2.   
    - ,            
      " , ,  ,   " 
       
 
              
4
Easy2Siksha
              
        
               
 
    
          
        ()   ,     

   -   
    , , ,  
    ,           

3.  
        ,      
    -         
   ( 14-18):  
     
     , , , ,      ' 
    -          
        
   ( 19-22):  -  
 ,     ,   ,       
    -          
             
     ( 25-28):  
   
      ,        
             
 
    ( 29-30):    
      -   ,  
           
             
        
       
   
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Easy2Siksha
4.  
   ,     ( 51)  ,   
              
     :
        
,             
   
        
    
       ,    
       
5.     
     ( IV,  36-51)      
    -         
,
       ,        
       
     :
       ,      ' 
    
    ,       
         
   ,      (SC),    (ST),  
      
         ,     
       
6.    
       ,         
      -    '    
        ,   ,     ,   
           ,     

               
   
       
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Easy2Siksha
7.   
      
    ,   
   22
     ,   ,  , ,       
 
              
         
      ' 
        '        
  
8.     
        
      
,      ,        
          
 30           
              
 29   
        
    
        ,     

     -      
9.   (SC)    (ST)   
      ,         
             ,  
    :
SC, ST,     (OBCs)       
         
 46          
          
   '       ,   
   
10.  
     ,        
  25-
28   
               
             
   
 ,     

7
Easy2Siksha
             , 
 
            
11.    
                
    ,         
               , 
                   
12.  
 ,  ,           
         -   
  
      ,       
13. 
               
     ,       ,  
   ,            
     ,           

     
         ,  
  ,   
    ,       , 
      
 ,               
      ,      
 
    ,   
     , -
    
2.  
             ?  
 ?
:               
            ,    
      
        ,  
 ,              
  , 
 ,        
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                
             
1.    
  :
                  
                ,
               -
     ""   ,          
      ,         
  
 :            
  ,   :
1.  - ,   
2.  - ,   
3.  - ,   
4.   -    
    , ""  "  "         
,    '         '     
  
:
 ,              
 "" ,              
 
      ,            
    ,         
2.    
  :
    
       ,    '
    ,     
        
 ,         '      
    ,    '          :
1. :    , ,       
2.  :   ,  - , ,  
     
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3.  :        ,  
 
- 
 :
               
 ' ,  ,            
,            
3.      
  :
  '      .     
            


   '         .   
  ,        ,    
    
:
              
  '           
      .      
   '        
  :
       ,    ( 
        ),     
 
      ,       -
        ,     
:
   '  . ,   ,    
         ,      
     
         ,     
              
      
 
10
Easy2Siksha
 :
               
,            
              
         
4.        
     - ,           :
 :   ',       ,    
          ,   
 (     ) ,     
   (
  )           ,   ,
       ,        

  :   ,        
,      -       ,
,         -    
      ,    ,    '  
        ,      
     
 ,     
   :     '  ,    
 ()        ,    
  ()             
  ,   ,       
 
 , 
      '       
   
     :           , 
             ,    
 ,           , 
 ,       , -       
 ,  -      
    :   ,      
      ,  
    -  
  ,       '        
,       '        
 ,             
11
Easy2Siksha
5.      
   :          
               
               
        '    
    
  :         
   
            ,  -
     ,          ,
         '   
 ,         
  -   :   -   
      ,        
             -
    ,         ,     
    
   :         
    (IT)         -     
       '        
     ,          -
    
6.     
- :     -      ,  ,
     -        
              
             
    
-     :            
         ,          
               
 
 , ,           
 
 :                
  '         ,       
 ,         ,       -
12
Easy2Siksha
       ,      
    

       
,         
     '  ,            '
    ,      
-
3.        ?   ' 

: -
             
  
             
          ,     
 ,   -  ,        
                 
      ?         ,
   , -         
      
 
              
                
           '        
 ,           -    

 ,        ,    ,
,         ,  :
1.  :           
    
13
Easy2Siksha
2.  :          ,  
    
3.  :       ,      
  
     
              
    , -       
  -
  ,        

,    , "   "        
               
              
 -        ""   
    ,        
 ,   20
       -  
                
,                
             
 
  
         
    
,          ,   
       ,        , 
        
       :
   '  :       
     ,      
--  ()     
     :      ,
  ,         
 :        
   ,           

14
Easy2Siksha
    
              
  ,      '         
   '             
        
     

                
              , 
            ,   
                
           '   
            
      ,            
 ,        
       
            
 ,    
 
         
 :
1.  :     , "   "    
            
    

2.  : -      
      ,       
         ,       
   
3.  :-       
            , - 
   -          
  ,        
4.  :          
  
    ,      
 '     ,      
       
5.  :,    ,      
       ,     
 '     ,   ,      
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Easy2Siksha
 '   
             
   ,         
     :
1.   :         
        ,   1947   , 1984   
, 1992      ,  2002     
   -          
 
2.    :     '    
            ,   '
                
3.  :       
    , ,      
        
4.  ' :             
           , 

    ,          
    
               
       ,      
              ,  
          
 
  ,        ,     
                
         ,         , 
      ,       '
  

 ,               
   
,           
       ,    ,  
,             
      
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Easy2Siksha
    , -     , 
              
    ,      '   
           '   
    '    
4.   -          ?
: ,  -    :   
-:    -           
              
    
   '        ,       
,   ,           
, ,    ,      ,  
     -           
         -       
           
 
1.   ?    '        
       ,        '    
    ,            
,             ,  
  '       :
:  
: 
: 
:  
  , ""  ""   ,       

               '
" "   
2.         ?     
  
      ,       
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Easy2Siksha
  '               
     '          ,  
  :
  
    
       
,          
         
-       -   
     ,       
 
1.   ? -          ,   
(     ), ""  " "      , 
  '            
    -               
'  
2.   -  :
:    ,      ,     
      
   
 :      ,      
    
 :        
 (  -
   )         ,    
         
3.       -: -      
  :
  : -  ""  " "      
  
  :       '  
 
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    :  ,      
               
    
    : 
     
,     -        
      -    
       , ,        
 '        '      ,  
       -   ,       
 
             

1.       (UDHR): UDHR,    1948 
 ,    "          
"     '      ,     '  
  UDHR            -   
:
 1:    
 2:    
 7:     
 23:         
 26:  
2.      :1950       -
   -              
       :
 14:     
 15: , ,  , ,      '   
 17:  -  
 21:       
 23:      (  
   
    )
   
      -  -  
   ,      
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  -:    
   -              
      :
1. :    ,   
     
        '        
                
         , 
      

 
2. :   
     ,   
 
         -  ,     
                  
        
3.  :  '    -        
     '         ,  
      ,          
                
4.   :    -      
 
  -    ,       
                
 
  -     
 ,   -     - ,   
  :
1.  : . ..        ,
-        
   . ,    
 ,              -  
   
2.   , 1955  :     - - 

     '          
          
3.      (  ) , 1989:
     '          
               -
    
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Easy2Siksha
4. - :        -   
    '    ,     
         -     ,
            
:
   -              
      , ,       
                
   , -            
     ,          '  
      -   ,         
    ,          
              
-
5.                
    
:         :    
         
,    
         ,        
,           
    
      ,     ,   
    ,         , 
 
                 
      
1.    
                 -
                ,   ,
      
    '       ,      
:
1. :  
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2. :  
3. :  
4. :  
    ,   - ,        
,       ,    ' " "   , 
              
       (-)         
   (exogamy)   '          
2.     
       ' - -   
 ,          ,    , 
                  
  '   :
  :           (, , )
    .
   ' :        
 ,   '   ,          
  
     :           
              
           
3.        
                
     
         ,
   '   
a  -   
-   (     )         
      ,      ,    
            ,    ,
       
 :            
             ,  
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'   ,            
    
  :            
 ,             , 
 " "  ,         
  
.    
                  
,  (          )      
    '   ,       
 :      '  ,       
             
    
-  :            
              
   
c.       
 ,       ,   ,   
,             - 
   
    : -       
                
 ,           
  
   :         
       ,     
           
d. -   
- ,       '   ,      
       -         
       ,     ,    
       -  ,    
     
23
Easy2Siksha
  :-        
          , ,  
     
  :  , 1954,        
             ,  
             
4.    
        
;        
       '       
  
  :   ,     ,    
                

             
    :      , 
  
     ,    , 
      ,       
        
5.     
    ,  ,     ,  ,  ,
  -            
    :    -  
  ,         ,   
          
 
- :  -      
,   
  ,   -     ,    
         
  
  :         
              
                
6.  
   -          
               
-          
 
24
Easy2Siksha
-   :     
-      -  - 
     
  :       (2005)      
        ,   ,   
      
7. 
 ,               
      ,          
        ,      
,              
   ,   -       
  
 ,            
  
6.            
: 1.    :   
  ',              
             -, , ,
        (    )     ,
     
 :
   :      
 :  ,  ,       
   
  :            
 :            
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2.    
  ,            
        '          
     
 
?
          :
: -      ,       ,
          
  :  -       ,   
     
:          
-  '    
 :   
 ,   '  
  ,          
  :
  :       ,  
     
  :          
    
 -:  ,      
 '  ,        
3.   
   ,        : 
   ,            ,
        
  ?
  :        , 
           
 :    ,        
-     
 :             ,
        
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:
    :      
          ,    
 
 :        ,   
  -        '   
     
4.     
              
 
              
 '    
:
   :-   -    , 
     ,         
  
:   ,      
       '    
  :      ,      
         ,        
   
:
   :     
-,   ,       
 
 :   ,       
  ,         
- :    , -  -
     ,         
5.   
                 
 ,            


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 :
 : -      ,  
  
        
  :  -,      
    ,         
 :
-   :         
   '   
 ,     
 
 ' :    -      ,  
   -         
-    
6.   
     '         ,
        ,     
:
  :          
                
 :     ,   (  
     )     
 :   ,      , 
         
:
    :          ,
             
      
 :   ,       ,   
 ,      .
 :      '    ,    
    
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Easy2Siksha
7.      
      '     ,   
 -      
 -:
:  ', -       ' 
  ,       
  :  , -      ,
        
 -:
 : -          
           ' 
   
 :         '  
 ,   -     -   


  :          
 ,           
:
 ' :      '    '
     ,        
  :            
    ,        
8.     
          ,       
  
  :
 :       
 ,
         -  
   :      
        ,     
  
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 :
  :      ,      
 ,        
  :        ,  
     ,       '  
  
 :
:
-
     ,    -
       ,   '     
   
 
:     ,      ,   
 , ,            

           ,   ,
,    ,  ,      
         ,  , 
   ,     ,     
              
              
  
-
7.               
:     :    
-
       -        
      ,         
             
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   , 
         
      
 
         (1957)  ,    
 -       1992  73     
   ,            -
       
    
         :
1.  :   ,   '        
   
2.  : ,       ,   '   ' 
       
3.  : ,             
     
 
    
   (PRIs) -   ,    :
 :PRIs     ,        
      
 : ,    (SC),     (ST) 
 '          
 :PRIs  ,   ,      
       
 :        
 ,   
,     ,     
      
1.    :     
               
   ,   
         
  
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2.  : PRIs     ,    
             
    
3.  :          
   '       
  
      
4.   : PRIs        
               
       
5.   :    ,    
           
     
6.    :PRIs      
         '  ,   
,  ,       
        
       ()): PRIs  
       
 ,       
- 100   -           
       
 :          
          -  
          
-  (SHGs):PRIs  SHGs      ,  
            
  
  -     
    
   ,        
 :
1.   :        ..   
           
 
2.  :   PRIs     
,        -    
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3.  :PRIs          
   
        
4.  :         
    
      
5.  :        ,  
            

               
   ,       
  , PRIs        
  , 
             
  
         ,    '
    :
1.  :          PRIs   
       
2.   :        
     -   
3.    :        
.. 
   
4.    :       
          
5.  :         
         
  '   ,     ,   
                
 
             ,  , ,
,            
     ,       
       
 
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8.   -          '  
:          -,  
           
  ,              
               
    
1.  
 :     ,     
              
    ,        
           
 :            
     ,        
        
2.  
   :    '   '   
            ,  
     ,           
  -  ,        
-  :   '    -
            ' 
   '      
3.  
   :         ,
              
       ,      
  :        '  
            ,   
    
4.   '
   :      ,   
          -
        ,     
 
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   :     '   
  ,           , 
         
5.  
  :   '     
            
,        
   :   (    )  (PESA)
         ,     
   ,         
6.   
     :       
    ,        -  
       -   '   , 
             
    
7.    
  :        '
     ,        
            
    
 :         
              
      '    
8.   
   :   ,     ,
           
    '           
,             
 :   -,      
               
 
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9.  
 :          
       NGO      
             
 
  :         
           
  
10. NGO    
   :   -  (..) 
        ,      
               
        
11.   
 : ,          
  ,           (
  )  (2006) ,     
   '   
12.     
 :1960        ,   
           
          ,   
      
 :   '    ' ,    
             
 ,        

      , -     
            
 '  ,            
       ,       
               
  
:      Ai      ( )       
        , 
  '        
